1. Mention of festivals, food, purity, and Sabbaths (2:16–21) are all distinctively Jewish elements.12 2. ‘Circumcision’ appears three times (2:11, 13; 3:11) suggesting it was a contentious issue in Colossae. 3. Θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀγγέλων (2:18), particularly if τῶν ἀγγέλων is taken as a subjective genitive, has a strong Jewish background.13 4. The Lycus valley, it is argued, had substantial Jewish minorities.14 It may be that Dunn and Witherington are correct in viewing the heresy as essentially